Organic Philosophy

In the 1990 Farm Bill, the Organic Foods Production Act invested the U.S. Department of Agriculture with the power to set up a National Organic Program that determines the standards that organic food producers must meet and enforces compliance with those regulations. Organic agriculture standards apply to plant- as well as animal-based farming. 

Organic Philosophy 

In 1995, the USDA's National Organic Standards Board defined organic agriculture as practices aimed at promoting the health of the whole ecosystem rather than a single crop or livestock animal within that system. Organic practices, according to the NOSB, should increase biodiversity, respect biological processes, improve soil quality and make minimal use of off-farm inputs, all with the ultimate goal of improving ecological health. These ideas guide organic agriculture regulations.

Fertilizers and Pesticides 

With few exceptions, the National Organic Program forbids the use of synthetic products in fertilizers and pesticides. Instead, organic regulations require farmers to use soil fertility management practices that enhance soil health without harmful contaminants. Organic standards permit the use of plant- and animal-based fertilizers, including manures, ash and cover crops, as well as some minerals. The program encourages crop rotation. Sewage sludge and biosolids are not permitted. For pest control, regulations encourage prevention of problems through crop rotation and plant and soil health. To control pests, organic farmers may use beneficial insects and biological controls; non-synthetic lures, traps and repellents; mechanical removal; burning; and non-synthetic biological, botanical and mineral products.

Organic Seeds 

Organic farmers must use organic seeds or plants unless no organic alternative exists, in which case they may use conventionally grown seeds and plants. Perennial crops labeled as organic, such as fruit trees or asparagus, must have been maintained using organic methods for at least one year.

Livestock Feed and Care 

The feed given to organically raised livestock must also meet certification standards. Organic livestock feed cannot contain growth hormones, antibiotics, manure, slaughter byproducts or plastics. Feed supplements and additives are permitted only if needed to maintain the animal's health at that point in its life cycle. Cattle must be grazed throughout the entire grazing season, totaling at least 120 days. Livestock must also have outdoor access, space to move around and the ability to carry out natural behaviors. Brief confinement is permitted for inclement weather, care and breeding, illness, milking or shearing, shows and sales. The farm must manage all animals' manure in such a way that it poses no risk to the ecosystem.

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